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Dachau concentration camp ((ドイツ語:Konzentrationslager (KZ) Dachau), ) was the first of the Nazi concentration camps opened in Germany, intended to hold political prisoners. It is located on the grounds of an abandoned munitions factory southeast of the medieval town of Dachau, about northwest of Munich in the state of Bavaria, in southern Germany. Opened in 1933 by Heinrich Himmler, its purpose was enlarged to include forced labor, and eventually, the imprisonment of Jews, ordinary German and Austrian criminals, and eventually foreign nationals from countries that Germany occupied or invaded. The Dachau camp system grew to include nearly 100 sub-camps, which were mostly work camps or "Arbeitskommandos," and were located throughout southern Germany and Austria.〔Concentration Camp Dachau Entry Registers (Zugangsbuecher) 1933-1945. http://www.archives.gov/research/captured-german-records/microfilm/m1938.pdf retrieved 13 November 2014〕 The camps were liberated by U.S. forces on 29 April 1945. Prisoners lived in constant fear of brutal treatment and terror detention including standing cells, floggings, the so-called tree or pole hanging, and standing at attention for extremely long periods. There were 32,000 documented deaths at the camp, and thousands that are undocumented. Approximately 10,000 of the 30,000 prisoners were sick at the time of liberation.〔investigation of alleged mistreatment of German guards at the Concentration Camp at Dachau, Germany, by elements of the XV Corps http://abraham.cs.uml.edu/secretwar/GlobeSecretHistory/index5_transcript_4.shtml Retrieved 11 January 2014〕 In the postwar years the Dachau facility served to hold SS soldiers awaiting trial. After 1948, it held ethnic Germans who had been expelled from eastern Europe and were awaiting resettlement, and also was used for a time as a United States military base during the occupation. It was finally closed for use in 1960. There are several religious memorials within the Memorial Site, which is open to the public. ==History== After the takeover of Bavaria on 9 March 1933, Heinrich Himmler, then Chief of Police in Munich, began to speak with the administration of an unused gunpowder and munitions factory. He toured the site to see if it could be used for quartering protective-custody prisoners. The Concentration Camp at Dachau was opened 22 March 1933, with the arrival of about 200 prisoners from Stadelheim Prison in Munich and the Landsberg fortress (where Hitler had written ''Mein Kampf'' during his imprisonment).〔Marcuse, Harold. ''Legacies of Dachau: The Uses and Abuses of a Concentration Camp, 1933–2001'', Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 2001. p. 21〕 Himmler announced in the ''Münchner Neuesten Nachrichten'' newspaper that the camp could hold up to 5,000 people, and described it as "the first concentration camp for political prisoners"〔 to be used to restore calm to Germany.〔Neuhäusler, Johann. ''What Was It Like in the Concentration Camp at Dachau?: An Attempt to Come Closer to the Truth'', Munich: Manz A.G., 1960. p. 7〕 It became the first regular concentration camp established by the coalition government of the National Socialist German Worker's Party (Nazi Party) and the German National People's Party (dissolved on 6 July 1933). Jehovah’s Witnesses, homosexuals, and emigrants were sent to Dachau after the 1935 passage of the Nuremberg Laws which institutionalized racial discrimination.〔retrieved September 2013 http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/1945.html〕 In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, initiated construction of a large complex capable of holding 6,000 prisoners. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938.〔 More political opponents, and over 11,000 German and Austrian Jews were sent to the camp after the annexation of Austria and the Sudetenland in 1938. Sinti and Roma in the hundreds were sent to the camp in 1939, and over 13,000 prisoners were sent to the camp from Poland in 1940.〔 The prisoners of Dachau concentration camp originally were to serve as forced labor for a munition factory, and to expand the camp. It was used as a training center for SS guards and was a model for other concentration camps〔"Dachau Liberated." History.com. A&E Television Networks, n.d. Web. 27 March 2013.〕 The camp was about in rectangular shape. The prisoner's entrance was secured by an iron gate with the motto “Arbeit macht frei” (“Work will make you free”). This reflected Nazi propaganda which trivialized concentration camps as labor and re-education camps, when in fact forced labor was used as a method of torture. As of 1938, the procedure for new arrivals occurred at the ''Schubraum'', where prisoners were to hand over their clothing and possessions.〔Comité International De Dachau, p. 61〕 "There we were stripped of all our clothes. Everything had to be handed over: money, rings, watches. One was now stark naked." The camp included an administration building that contained offices for the Gestapo trial commissioner, SS authorities, the camp leader and his deputies; administration offices that consisted of large storage rooms for the personal belongings of prisoners; the bunker; roll-call square where guards would also inflict punishment on prisoners, especially those who tried to escape; the canteen, where prisoners served SS men with cigarettes and food; the museum containing plaster images of prisoners who suffered from bodily defects; the camp office; the library; the barracks; and the infirmary, which was staffed by prisoners who had previously held occupations such as physicians or army surgeons.〔Neuhäusler (1960), ''What Was It Like...'', pp. 9–11〕 Over 4,000 Soviet prisoners of war were murdered by the Dachau commandant's guard at the SS shooting range located two kilometers from the main camp in the years 1942/1943.〔http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/news-hebertshausen.html Retrieved 11 January 2014〕〔http://www.ushmm.org/online/film/display/detail.php?file_num=5483 United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, retrieved 1 November 2014〕〔http://www.kz-gedenkstaette-dachau.de/vicinity_hebertshausen.html Retrieved 11 January 2014〕 These murders were a clear violation of the provisions laid down in the Geneva Convention for prisoners of war. The SS used the cynical term "special treatment" for these criminal executions. The first executions of the Soviet prisoners of war at the Hebertshausen shooting range took place on 25 November 1941.〔http://wikimapia.org/22774181/Memorial-to-the-murdered-Soviet-soldiers Retrieved 11 January 2014〕 After 1942, the number of prisoners regularly held at the camp continued to exceed 12,000.〔Neuhäusler (1960), ''What Was It like...'', p. 13〕 Dachau originally held Communists, leading Socialists and other “enemies of the state” in 1933, but over time the Nazis began to send German Jews to the camp. In the early years of imprisonment, Jews were offered permission to emigrate overseas if they “voluntarily” gave their property to enhance Hitler’s public treasury.〔 Once Austria was annexed and Czechoslovakia was defeated, the citizens of both countries became the next prisoners at Dachau. In 1940, Dachau became filled with Polish prisoners, who constituted the majority of the prisoner population until Dachau was officially liberated.〔Neuhäusler (1960), ''What Was It like...'', p. 14〕 Prisoners were divided into categories. At first, they were classified by the nature of the crime for which they were accused, but eventually were classified by the specific authority-type under whose command a person was sent to camp.〔Neurath, Paul Martin, Christian Fleck, and Nico Stehr. ''The Society of Terror: Inside the Dachau and Buchenwald Concentration Camps'', Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2005. Print. p. 53〕 Political prisoners who had been arrested by the Gestapo wore a red badge, "professional" criminals sent by the Criminal Courts wore a green badge, Cri-Po prisoners arrested by the criminal police wore a brown badge, "work-shy and asocial" people sent by the welfare authorities or the Gestapo wore a black badge, Jehovah’s Witnesses arrested by the Gestapo wore a violet badge, homosexuals sent by the criminal courts wore a pink badge, emigrants arrested by the Gestapo wore a blue badge, "race polluters" arrested by the criminal court or Gestapo wore badges with a black outline, second-termers arrested by the Gestapo wore a bar matching the color of their badge, "idiots" wore a white armband with the label ''Blöd'' (idiot), and Jews, whose incarceration in the Dachau concentration camp dramatically increased after Kristallnacht, wore a yellow badge, combined with another color.〔Neurath et al. (2005), ''The Society of Terror'', pp. 54-69〕 The prisoner enclosure at the camp was heavily guarded to ensure that no prisoners escaped. A ten-foot-wide (3 m) no-man's land was the first marker of confinement for prisoners; an area which, upon entry would elicit lethal gunfire from guard towers. Guards are known to have tossed inmates' caps into this area, resulting in the death of the prisoners when they attempted to retrieve the caps. Despondent prisoners committed suicide by entering the zone. A four-foot-deep and eight-foot-broad (1.2 × 2.4 m) creek, connected with the river Amper, lay on the west side between the “neutral-zone” and the electrically charged, and barbed wire fence which surrounded the entire prisoner enclosure.〔name="Neuhäusler, Johann 1960. Page 11"〕 Hundreds of prisoners suffered and died, or were executed in medical experiments conducted at KZ Dachau. Some of these experiments involved exposure to vats of icy water or being strapped down naked outdoors in freezing temperatures. Victims writhed in pain, foamed at the mouth, and lost consciousness. Attempts at reviving the subjects included scalding baths, and forcing naked women to copulate with the unconscious victim. Nearly 100 prisoners died during these experiments.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Holocaust on Trial The experiments by Peter Tyson )〕 The original records of the experiments were destroyed "in an attempt to conceal the atrocities." Extensive communication between the investigators and Heinrich Himmler, head of the SS, was discovered providing documentation of the experiments.〔Nazi Science — The Dachau Hypothermia Experiments. Robert L. Berger, M.D. N Engl J Med 1990; 322:1435-1440May 17, 1990DOI: 10.1056/NEJM199005173222006. However some caution is appropriate, because Dr. Berger concludes: "On analysis, the Dachau hypothermia study has all the ingredients of a scientific fraud, and rejection of the data on purely scientific grounds is inevitable. They cannot advance science or save human lives." ... "Future citations are inappropriate on scientific grounds."〕 High altitude experiments were conducted during 1942. Victims were subjected to rapid decompression to pressures found at and experienced spasmodic convulsions, agonal breathing, and eventual death. Prisoners were sent to KZ Dachau as late as 19 April 1945; on that date a freight train from Buchenwald with nearly 4,500 was diverted to Nammering. SS troops and police stole food and water local townspeople tried to give to the prisoners. Nearly three hundred dead bodies were ordered removed from the train and carried to a ravine over a quarter of a mile away. The 524 prisoners who had been forced to carry the dead to this site were then shot by the guards, and buried along with those who had died on the train. Nearly 800 bodies went into this mass grave. The train continued on to KZ Dachau.〔United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. (A sign outside of the town of Nammering marks the site of a mass shooting by the SS. ) Retrieved 11 May 2014〕 As U.S. troops drove deeper into Bavaria during April 1945, the commander of KZ Dachau suggested to Gestapo Chief Heinrich Himmler that the camp be turned over to the Allies. Himmler, in signed correspondence, prohibited such a move, adding that "No prisoners shall be allowed to fall into the hands of the enemy alive. Just days before the U.S. troops arrived at the camp the commandant and a strong guard forced between 6,000 and 7,000 inmates on a death march from Dachau south to Tegernsee. Any prisoners who could not keep up on the six day march were shot. Many others died of exhaustion, hunger and exposure. Months later a mass grave containing 1,071 prisoners was found along the route.〔1,071 More Dachau Dead Found. New York Times 18 August 1945. pg . 5〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Dachau concentration camp」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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